Banking In Argentina Essays

Banking In Argentina Essays Banking In Argentina Essay Banking In Argentina Essay Betting on Argentina Background: London based HSBC gets its name from its establishing individuals, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited was set up in 1865 and it allowed exchanging among China and Europe. After World War II HSBC extended and differentiated its business into Canada, Australia, and the United States; and during the 1990s growing further into Brazil and Argentina. HSBC went into Argentina in 1997 in light of the fact that their GDP had Just developed by 6. 1% over the most recent 6 years. Much to their dismay that Argentina was going to fall into downturn. Presently HSBC needs to reevaluate credits and choose if the political and financial precariousness of the nation merited the danger of proceeded with activities. Issue: Should HSBC move out of Argentina? Examination: Yes 1: HSBC lost an aggregate of $1. 1 billion of every 2001 in view of Argentinas issues. They began losing cash once they entered Argentina, and that is never a decent indication of a spot being useful for business. Indeed 2: Argentina is a moderately little market contrasted and more quickly developing markets in Asia, including Hong Kong and China. They would make more income in the event that they leave Argentina and remain in Asia. Indeed 3: Argentina was troubled by its enormous obligation to private banks and the IMF. Despite the fact that they paid off the $9. 8 billion they despite everything have a few different obligations including $9 billion owed to the Paris Club of loan boss countries. Argentina has a ton of obligation; that ought to be an indication for HSBC to move out of Argentina. No 1: HSBC detailed that a solid bounce back in modern creation and expanded fare of engine vehicles to Brazil has prompted a 7. % expansion in GDP in Argentina. They are giving indications of improving. It won't be quick or simple however Argentina is indicating any desires for remaining above water. No 2: There are higher deals in Argentina, and improved edges due to repricing activities. Argentinas economy is in a little preferable situation over previously and they are, once more, indicating that they are showing signs of improvement. No 3: HSBC realizes that fares have gotten, and they realize that exchange won't improve essentially in Argentina yet they are illing to stay with it and perceive how things end up. End: Yes I trust HSBC should move out of Argentina since they lost a sum of $1. 1 billion of every 2001 in view of Argentinas issues. Argentina Just paid off $9 million to IMF and still owe another $9 million to Paris Club of leasers country. Additionally Argentines have assaulted bank offices prominently remote possessed one since they are angry at the proceeding with freeze of their reserve funds. They have just lost cash since entering Argentina. Banking In Argentina By smrtass23

How to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples

The most effective method to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It is safe to say that you are taking the SAT or ACT and need to ensure you realize how to function with informational collections? Or on the other hand possibly you’re hoping to revive your memory for a secondary school or school math class. Whatever the case, it’s significant you realize how to locate the mean of an informational collection. We'll clarify what the mean is utilized for in math, how to figure the mean, and what issues about the mean can resemble. What Is a Mean and What Is It Used For? The mean, or number-crunching mean, is the normal estimation of a lot of numbers. All the more explicitly, it's the proportion of a focal or ordinary inclination in a given arrangement of information. Mean-regularly just called the normal- is a term utilized in insights and information investigation. What's more, it's not irregular to hear the words signify or normal utilized with the expressions mode, middle, and range, which are different strategies for computing the examples and basic qualities in informational collections. Quickly, here are the meanings of these terms: Mode-the worth that shows up most as often as possible in an informational collection Middle the center estimation of an informational collection (when masterminded from most reduced an incentive to most noteworthy) Range-the contrast between the most noteworthy and littlest qualities in an informational collection So what is the reason for the mean precisely? In the event that you have an informational index with a wide scope of numbers, realizing the mean can give you a general feeling of how these numbers could basically be assembled into a solitary delegate esteem. For instance, if you’re a secondary school understudy preparing to take the SAT, you may be intrigued to realize the present mean SAT score. Realizing the mean score gives you a harsh thought of how most understudies taking the SAT will in general score on it. The most effective method to Find the Mean: Overview To locate the math mean of an informational index, you should simply include all the numbers in the informational index and afterward separate the total by the complete number of qualities. Let’s take a gander at a model. State you’re given the accompanying arrangement of information: $$6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14$$ To locate the mean, you’ll first need to include all the qualities in the informational collection like this: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14$$ Note that you don’t need to improve the qualities here (however you may on the off chance that you wish to) and can just include them in the request in which they’ve been introduced to you. Next, record the total of the considerable number of qualities: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14 = o86$$ The last advance is to take this whole (86) and separate it by the quantity of qualities in the informational collection. Since there are eight distinct qualities (6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14), we'll be partitioning 86 by 8: $$86/8 = 10.75$$ The mean, or normal, for this arrangement of information is 10.75. Instructions to Calculate a Mean: Practice Questions Since you realize how to locate the normal in other words,how to compute the mean of a given arrangement of information it’s time to test what you’ve realized. In this segment, we'll give you four math addresses that include finding or utilizing the mean. The initial two inquiries are our own, while the subsequent two are legitimate SAT/ACT questions; in that capacity, these two will require somewhat more idea. Look past the inquiries for the appropriate responses and answer clarifications. Practice Question 1 Locate the mean of the accompanying arrangement of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. Practice Question 2 You are given the accompanying rundown of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The number juggling mean is 4. What is the estimation of $X$? Practice Question 3 The rundown of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a middle of 25. The method of the rundown of numbers is 15. To the closest entire number, what is the mean of the rundown? 20 25 26 27 30 Source: 2018-19 Official ACT Practice Test Practice Question 4 At a primate hold, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of every single female primate is 19 years. Which of the accompanying must be valid about the mean age $m$ of the joined gathering of male and female primates at the primate save? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ Source: The College Board Instructions to Find the Average: Answers + Explanations Once you’vetried out the four practice inquiries above, it’s time to think about your answers and see whether you comprehend not exactly how to locate the mean of information yet in addition how to utilize what you think about the intend to all the more viably approach any math addresses that manage midpoints. Here are the responses to the four practice inquiries above: Practice Question 1: 31 Practice Question 2: 3 Practice Question 3: C. 26 Practice Question 4: D. $15 m 19$ Continue perusing to see the appropriate response clarification for each question. Practice Question 1 Answer Explanation Locate the mean of the accompanying arrangement of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. This is a clear inquiry that essentially pose to you to ascertain the number juggling mean of a given informational index. To start with, include all the numbers in the informational index (recollect that you don’t need toarrangethem all together from most reduced to most elevated possibly do this if you’re attempting to locate the middle): $$5 + 26 + 9 + 14 + 49 + 31 + 109 + 5 = o248$$ Next, take this aggregate and partition it by the quantity of qualities in the information set.Here, there are eight all out qualities, so we'll isolate 248 by 8: $$248/8 = 31$$ The mean and right answer is 31. Practice Question 2 Answer Explanation You are given the accompanying rundown of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The number juggling mean is 4. What is the estimation of $X$? For this inquiry, you’re basically working in reverse: you definitely know the mean and now should utilize this information to assist you with fathoming for the missing worth, $X$, in the informational collection. Review that to locate the mean, you include all the numbers in a set and afterward separate the entirety by the absolute number of qualities. Since we realize the mean is 4, we’ll start by increasing 4 by the quantity of qualities (there are nine separate numbers here, including $X$): $$4 * 9 = 36$$ This gives us the total of the informational collection (36). Presently, the inquiry turns into a variable based math issue, in which we should simply rearrange and understand for $X$: $$4 + 4 + 2 + 6 + X + 1 + 3 + 2 = 36$$ $$33 + X = 36$$ $$X = 3$$ The right answer is 3. Careful discipline brings about promising results! Practice Question 3 Answer Explanation The rundown of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a middle of 25. The method of the rundown of numbers is 15. To the closest entire number, what is the mean of the rundown? 20 25 26 27 30 This precarious looking math issue originates from an official ACT practice test, so you can anticipate that it should be somewhat less immediate than your commonplace number-crunching mean issue. Here, we’re given an informational index with two obscure qualities: 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 We’re likewise given two basic snippets of data: The mode is 15 The middle is 25 To illuminate for the mean of this informational index, we should utilize all the data we’ve been given and will likewise need to comprehend what the mode and middle are. As an update, the mode is the worth that shows up most much of the time in an informational index, while the middle is the center an incentive in an informational collection (when the sum total of what esteems have been orchestrated from least to most elevated). Since the mode is 15, this must imply that the worth 15 shows up in any event twice in the informational collection (as it were, a greater number of times than some other worth shows up). Accordingly, we can say supplant either $X$ or $Y$ with 15: $$41, 35, 30, X, 15, 15$$ We’re likewise told that the middle is 25. To locate the middle, you should first rearrangethe informational index all together from most minimal incentive to most noteworthy worth. Sincethe middle is more than 15 however under 30, we should put $i X$ between these two qualities. Here’s what we get when we revamp our qualities from most reduced to most noteworthy: $$15, 15, X, 30, 35, 41$$ There are six qualities altogether, (counting $X$) implying that the middle will be the number precisely somewhere between the third and fourth qualities in the information set.In short,25 (the middle) must come somewhere between $X$ and 30. This implies $X$ must approach 20, since that would take care of it 5 from 20 and 5 away from 30 (or somewhere between the two qualities). We presently have a total informational index with no obscure qualities: $$15, 15, 20, 30, 35, 41$$ All we need to do presently is utilize these qualities to illuminate for the mean. Start by including them all up: $$15 + 15 + 20 + 30 + 35 + 41 = 156$$ At long last, partition the entirety by the quantity of qualities in the informational collection (that’s six): $$156/6 = 26$$ The right answer is C. 26. Practice Question 4 Answer Explanation At a primate save, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of every single female primate is 19 years. Which of the accompanying must be valid about the mean age $m$ of the joined gathering of male and female primates at the primate hold? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ This training issue is an official SAT Math practice question from the College Board site. For this math question, you’re not expected to fathom for the mean yet should rather utilize what you think around two intends to clarify what the mean of the bigger gathering could be. In particular, we're being asked how we can utilize these two way to communicate, in mathematical terms, the mean age ($i m$) forbothmale and female primates. Here’s what we know: first, the mean age of every single male primate is 15 years. Also, the mean age of every single female primate is 19 years.This implies that, in general,the female primates are more seasoned than the male primates. Since the mean age for male primates (15) is lower than that for female primates (19), we realize that the mean age for the two gatherings can't intelligently surpass 19 years. Additionally, in light of the fact that the mean age for female primates is more prominent than that for male primates, we realize that the mean age for both can't intelligently fall underneath 15 years. We are along these lines left with the understanding that the mean age for the male and female primates together should be more noteworthy than 15 years

How Assumptions Influence Our Behavior Essay

Suspicion investigation depicts the action grown-ups take part in to bring to mindfulness convictions, values, social practices, and social structures managing conduct and to evaluate their effect on day by day exercises. Suppositions might be paradigmatic, prescriptive, or causal (Brookfield 1995). Suspicions structure our method for seeing reality, oversee our conduct, and depict how connections ought to be requested. Suspicion investigation as an initial phase in the basic reflection process makes express our underestimated ideas of the real world. Relevant mindfulness is accomplished when grown-up students come to understand that their suppositions are socially and actually made in a particular chronicled and social setting. Creative theory gives a chance to grown-ups to challenge winning methods for knowing and acting by envisioning elective perspectives about marvels (Cranton 1996). The result of supposition examination, logical mindfulness, and creative hypothesis is intelligent suspicion the scrutinizing of any generally accepted fact claims or unexamined examples of connection. Previous president Ronald Reagan just expected that everybody he experienced might want him; this conviction was a piece of the texture of his character. The outcomes were fascinating, in that even his adversaries were pulled in to him socially. His most outstanding adversary in Congress, Democratic pioneer Thomas â€Å"Tip† O’Neil, remarked that while he despised Reagan’s strategies, on the individual level, â€Å"I think that its difficult to loathe the guy.† At the other outrageous, untimely psychological responsibilities over and over again neutralize us. A cherished companion, whom I considered splendid when we were kids, in his mid-forties admitted to me that he had lived underneath his potential for quite a bit of his life. In 6th grade, he clarified, his educator disparaged his work so that it left him persuaded he was unequipped for scholastic learning. That conviction, which he conveyed all through his young years and into adulthood, made him abstain from testing courses in middle school and secondary school, to avoid school, and to make due with work that didn’t tap his abilities well. Just currently was he starting to return to that supposition, and to acknowledge exactly how significantly it had limited his decisions (Smith 2004). Getting completely mindful of our default suppositions can take work, reflection and assurance, and the assistance of a guide or believed companion can be significant all the while. However the errand is regularly not Herculean either. On the off chance that our negative desires spring from an awful past encounter, no doubt, the undertaking of revealing stifled recollections might be agonizing, and may need extraordinary support. This is the extraordinary case, however. References Brookfield, S. (1995) Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Cranton, P, (1996) Professional Development as Transformative Learning: New Perspectives for Teachers of Adults. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Smith, Blaine M (2004) Reshaping Assumptions That Shape Our Life: Damascus, MD

How to Write a Conclusion for an Argument Essay (Updated in 2020)

The argumentative essay is like a position paper.   In it, you build a position based on fact, supported by evidence, and argued rationally and logically toward a clear and cohesive endpoint.   And since you’re trying to make an effective argument, the end of your essay is often the most important part.   How to end the argumentative essay?   The best way is to save your best punch for last.   Conclude your paper with a wallop that will knock the socks off your reader and leave him convinced that there is just no other way to look at the issue you’re presenting.   Consider your ending the one-two combination that lays your reader out flat. How to End the Argumentative Essay In order to end the argumentative essay effectively, you have to start effectively.   That means you have to identify the purpose of your essay—i.e., state your thesis.   Why?   Your conclusion will link back to your thesis in a meaningful why:   you’ll re-state it in concise terms and provide a grander perspective by bolstering that thesis with a blow-by-blow recap of all the hits you make in your essay. You also need to know the strongest points of your argument and the weakest points so that you can arrange them effectively (both in your essay proper and in your conclusion).   Here’s a tip:   Start your essay in reverse order in terms of the strength of your argument:   in other words, begin with your weakest argument first and save the best argument for last. That may be counter-intuitive since you want to give your reader a good reason right off the bat.   So an alternate approach could be to arrange your arguments this way:   moderately effective argument first, weakest argument second, greatest argument third.   This way you’re able to give your reader something good at the beginning and something great at the end. Constructing the Conclusion Once you’ve delivered all three of your arguments, you’ll want to make your conclusion.   These are like the concluding remarks the boxer gives once the match is over.   All the reporters have gathered, the cameras are focused, the recorders are running, and the boxer sits at the microphone ready to comment on the fight and explain what he did and how he did it. The boxer will go back and jog everyone’s memory by walking the audience through the fight, step by step.   First round, second round, third round—what happened, who threw what, how did he respond?   The boxer relives it—albeit briefly—and sums up the fight with precision and insight. That’s how your conclusion should work too.   In the conclusion, you’re summarizing your argument but also bringing the finer points into the foreground where they can be examined closely, tersely, and definitively.   You’re the boxer, the essay is your fight, and the conclusion is where you sit before the press and talk about what you’ve just done. If you’ve saved the best argument for last you’ll be in a great position to build up to that argument in your conclusion just like you did in your paper. Steps to Follow The post-game press interview is the competitor’s last chance to say whatever he didn’t get to say in the ring.   In the body of your paper you laid out your arguments.   In the introduction, you identified your purpose—your thesis. #1 In your conclusion, you get to take it a step further and call for change, call for more research on the subject, or call for some type of action based on the arguments and evidence you’ve presented.   Your conclusion is your time to step up and state clearly and in no uncertain times why your topic matters and what should be done about. #2 Re-cap your main points and show how they support your thesis—i.e., your big argument.   Don’t just re-state the same words you used earlier in the paper.   Use different words, different language—another way of saying what you’ve already said but now in such a way that it is more meaningful for the reader. #3 Take a moment in your conclusion to also address any opposing ideas or arguments.   Explain why these ideas or arguments do not work.   Just like the boxer will acknowledge his opponent in his post-game presser, you in your conclusion can spend a minute noting the opposing argument—before you pummel it into the ground with one knockout punch. #4 Close out with a good line—something memorable and effective that will make your reader remember your argument and why it makes the most sense.   You don’t have to go over all the evidence again, but you can neatly draw all of your points into one ultimate distillation of the facts, pull back and show what it all means in the bigger picture. Conclusion Concluding the argumentative essay is like getting the last word in edgewise.   You have the final say.   You make the definitive last statement.   Your voice is the last one to be heard.   Your argument is the last one to ring out.   Use the conclusion to state your thesis anew with vigor and conviction, summarize your supporting arguments in a way that convincingly makes your case, show why the opposing point of view does not hold water, make a clear call for action, and close out with a great line. If you’d like more help coming up with a great conclusion, order your model essay today—our writers are standing by to assist you!

Essay on Reforming Credit Laws - 1435 Words

Credit allows consumers to finance transactions without having to pay the full cost of the merchandise at the time of the purchase. A common form of consumer credit is a credit card account issued by a financial institution. Merchants may also provide financing for products which they sell. Banks may directly finance purchases through loans and mortgages. Consumers imperatively rely on credit, so it is necessary that credit laws help protect the consumer. I will discuss some of the major credit laws that impact the consumer, examine whether these laws are working, and talk about possible changes that might be needed to make sure the consumer is rightly protected. The law of consumer credit is primarily embodied in federal and state†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"About the Federal Trade Commission†) The FTC’s work is performed by the Bureaus of Consumer Protection, Competition and Economics. The body of the Bureau of Consumer Protection was created to protect consumers against unfair, deceptive or fraudulent practices in which it enforces a variety of consumer protection laws enacted by Congress. It protects consumers obtaining credit to finance their transactions, ensures that adequate credit is provided, and governs the credit industry in general. Congress passed the Consumer Credit Protection Act, in part, to regulate the consumer credit industry, requiring creditors to disclose credit terms to consumers. The Consumer Credit Protection Act also protects consumers from loan sharks, restricts the garnishing of wages, and established the National Commission on Consumer Finance to investigate the consumer finance industry. Credit card companies, credit reporting agencies, and certain debt collectors are regulated by the Act. The Act also prohibits discrimination based on s ex or marital status in extending of credit. Even with these acts there to protect consumers from obtaining bad credit, there still are complaints about lenders that are non-compliant in their credit agreements. In 1974, the Consumer Credit Protection Act stated that borrowers couldShow MoreRelatedReducing The Value Of Excise Expenditure1481 Words   |  6 Pagesfederal spending.1 Tax expenditures are defined under the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 as revenue losses attributable to Federal tax laws which allow a special exclusion exception, or deduction or which provide a special credit, a preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability.†2 Exclusions, deductions, credits and other tax preferences are â€Å"expenditures† from government’s perspective. See Figure 1: Examples of Six Types of Tax Expenditures. 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Corporate Responsibility And Marketing Strategies

Bonny van Dongeren BUS 508 Dr. Steed 28 April 2014 Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies The Apple Corporation has very strong ethical and social responsibilities within the corporate world. Apple currently has a great position on their customer service and significant value. This is important when it comes to upholding a positive image. They have also violated a lot of these ethical and social responsibilities which has caused it to hurt Apple Corporation’s reputation. A couple of the violations that will be discussed are the wage and benefits standards and environmental issues. It is very important that Apple continues to follow these standard responsibilities. The other important factor to consider is keeping a price†¦show more content†¦When people find out that a major company they are supporting is polluting the air and water surrounding their environment it can cause a lot of animosity. 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The company understandsRead More The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Essays1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility With the interest in Corporate Social Responsibility growing, increasing numbers of organisations are incorporating CSR into their business operations in an effort to be seen acting as good corporate citizens, so what is CSR what is its role in todays organizations? The term CSR refers to a company?s obligation to maximize its positive impact on society, accommodating changing social, market stakeholder pressures in an effort to achieve

Sch Promote free essay sample

Promote equality and inclusion in health and social care or young people’s settings. In this assignment I will be defining what it means to have equality and inclusion. I will also explore what the potential effects are of discrimination. And how we can implement inclusive practice to promote equality and support diversity. An explanation of what is meant by diversity. The concept of diversity is the acceptance that each child is individual and unique, and recognizing a child differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, or other ideologies. In an early years setting as a practitioner you have to make sure children understand each other’s cultures and communities as some children get familiarised with one way of life and respect less other attitudes. The children can do this in a safe, positive and nurturing environment. Diversity is about the understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance and embracing and celebrating the diversity contained within each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Sch Promote or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An explanation of what is meant by equality. Equality protects people from being discriminated against on the basis of what sex, race disability, religion, belief, or age. It also means that everyone deserves opportunities and they should be supported when doing so. Equality does not mean that everyone should be treated the same way as every child is unique and has individual characters and skills and all children develop at different stages there for we have to offer them the same opportunity’s but let their children develop at their own pace. An explanation of what is meant by inclusion. Inclusion is the process of equality being put in place in education for all children whether they are disabled or disadvantaged there must be the appropriate specialised support being brought in for that child to feel intergraded in their setting, the practitioner must focus on a child’s strength and abilities. Inclusion is about the quality of childrens experience; how they are helped to learn, achieve and participate fully in the life of the school.

Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Essay Example

Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Paper Genetic counselling is a counselling process that deals with disorders within the family. This process involves a counsellor who helps the family or the person in the following ways: (a) discusses medical facts and informs about the diagnosis and the cause of the disorder and the cure; (b) informs the way heredity can cause disorders and the individuals in the family that possess risk; (c) helps to understand the cure but keeps in mind awareness of the comeback of the disease; (d) chooses the cure which they find appropriate, keeping in mind the risk and the family goals and acts accordingly to the decision; and (e) tries to make the best arrangements for the necessary adjustments within the family due to the disorder and/or to the risk of the reappearance of that disorder (Fraser, 1974). 1. Genetic Counselling Origin, Nature, and Goals Genetic counselling was established in 1947 and its main purpose was to explain the relationship between clinical geneticists and others who provide relevant information about etiology, history of nature, and occurrences of hereditary disorder risks. Its main aim was to promote a viable trend towards the various goals and values of those counselled and to dispel the association with eugenics that is relative to past practices of genetic counselling. The addition of nondirective approach in genetic counselling by the Rogerian psychology, has set it as standard in 1974. This standard remained consistent over time with the objective of early purveyors of genetic information with those scientists who were used to give information without providing advice (Mahowald, 1998). 2. Genetics Counselling Programme: Its Importance 2. 1 Reproductive decision-making: Some studies have defined effectiveness as having an impact on reproductive decision-making, leading to a potential reduction in affected births (Pilnick, 2001). Hildes at al. for example, reported a pilot neonatal screening programme for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), offering prenatal diagnosis for future pregnancies in women who are at risk. However, prenatal diagnosis was only actually carried out in two out of seven subsequent pregnancies. We will write a custom essay sample on Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The authors conclude that such programmes â€Å"may not be an effective way of decreasing the number of repeat cases of DMD within families† (Hildes, 1993). Another study of clients who reported reactions to genetic counselling, found that almost half (43. 5%) of 628 clients completing questionnaires six months after their counselling session, reported that their reproductive plans had been influenced. However, the change and stability of reproductive plan patterns of both groups -self-described influenced and not influenced were similar. Such an approach is always likely to be contentious because of its thinly veiled eugenicism (Wertz, 1986). This has led to a search for other possible outcome measures. 2. 2 Information recall: Swerts for instance looked at the shadow induced by both genetics counselling and neural tube defects (NTD) and prenatal diagnosis for Down’s syndrome (DS), and also practised a simple information-delivery model, evaluating effectiveness by measuring recipients’ recall rather than their subsequent reproductive decisions (Swerts, 1992). Measurements of knowledge acquired or information recalled after counselling are frequent proxies for effectiveness, reflecting the common attempt to avoid the stigma of eugenics by presenting counselling as an educational intervention to enhance recipients’ autonomy. A number of studies have compared ‘before’ and ‘after’ knowledge of genetic factors amongst various client groups (Pilnick, 2001). 2. 3 Anxiety reduction: Anxiety has the potential to increase among genetic tested subjects. Mennie et al. found that, compared with controls who were identified as non-carriers, Cystic Fibrosis carriers and their partners showed a significant increase in generalized psychological disturbance over a four-day period, while awaiting the partners’ test results. This was attributed to anxiety and depression. After the results had been released, both parties returned to their control levels. Watson et al. also examined anxiety in those being screened to ascertain their CF carrier status. The authors report that counselling had mostly allayed this when couples were interviewed six months after the initial test. However, since the screening was simply to determine (asymptomatic) carrier status, which is not essentially problematic in reproductive terms, this seems likely to have had an impact on expressed anxiety. Other researchers noticed no anxiety among a general population cohort screened for CF carrier status (Livingstone, 1994). A study of the psychological outcome of amniotic fluid in three risk groups (older mothers, mothers who had a previous child with DS, and mothers who had a previous child with NTD) found anxiety levels in relation to the test both differed between the groups and showed considerable variation within each (Everskiebooms, 1988). Different screening or testing programmes clearly have different implications for the participants, and there are no easy comparisons to be made or conclusions drawn. Although most literature in this area relates to genetic testing, some studies do focus directly on counselling. One report examined the impact of different counselling formats on mood. A psychological scale administered before and after counselling assessed mood change. The authors concluded that the use of different formats made no significant differences to mood, although there is no discussion of what the changes actually were (Fisher, 1981). Cull et al. carried out a similar assessment of differing counselling formats using the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, and also found no significant differences between groups. Another study examined both clients’ expectations of counselling and its psychological impact, again using the Spielberger inventory (Michie, 1997). There was reduced adverse psychological impact when patient expectations were met in the counselling session. All these studies, however, are concerned with comparisons of counselling methods rather than counselling itself. The only study identified which explicitly focused on anxiety levels as a result of counselling concerned familial breast cancer (Lloyd, 1996). Counselees had higher breast cancer specific distress rates after counselling than before, despite being more informed. The potential for counselling to be a worrying or threatening experience is underlined. As Jarmas has pointed out, counselling may also have adverse psychological impacts on counsellors, an issue that does not yet seem to have attracted investigators. Nevertheless, anxiety reduction among those tested may be one of the less contentious outcome measures. 2. 4 Client satisfaction: The importance has also been defined in terms of clients’ satisfaction. In one study, 36 individuals who had received counselling for cancer were asked to rate their satisfaction both with the care provided by the clinical geneticist they had seen, and with general procedures at the clinic (L. P. ; Leschot N. J. , 1997). In another, clients were asked to rate counselling sessions in terms of clarity, depth of discussion and their willingness to raise issues; the ratings were examined for evidence of influence from the sex of the counsellor (Zare, 1984). However, both studies acknowledged the limitations of their approach, stressing the importance of relating such findings to qualitative analysis of the actual counselling sessions. Reported satisfaction is a questionable measure of process, since it does not necessarily relate to what actually occurred during the session. As Clarke et al. highlight, while research has focused on outcome, effectiveness is also fundamentally related to process. In their view, while outcome measures are valid in a research context, they are useless in practice, a position echoed by other commentators who argue that outcome measures used alone are both inappropriate and methodologically inadequate (Kessler, 1992). 3. Structural and Numerical Abnormalities There are two types of aberrations that karyotyping could be identified in the foetus – these are numerical and structural. Numerical aberrations depict loss or gain of chromosomes which might be one or more. The title aneuploidy has been given to such kinds of aberrations. The term trisomy expresses the occurrence of a single extra chromosome and the term polyploidy shows the occurrence of two or more chromosomes (Mosby, 2005). Structural chromosome rearrangements are considered to be the other main sort of aberration; this is an outcome of partition and reunification in a different configuration of chromosome. These aberrations also contain translocations, which includes the exchange of genetic materials among chromosomes. One of the most famous aberrations identified during the prenatal period are aneuploidies such as trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and X and Y sex chromosome aneuploidies (Divane, 1994). 95% of live-born chromosomal aberrations occur as a result of them (Whiteman, 1991). Chronologically occurrences of various chromosome aberrations are very difficult in composition because certain aberrations have such negative side effect that the survival chances of the foetus are significantly reduced. Statistics and facts that are gathered on the occurrence of different aberrations on certain occasions must have to be present in relation to the number of births (which are before or after birth), occasionally in comparison to the numbers of amniotic samples examined, or at other times in terms of pregnancies. . Table1. Chromosome abnormalities commonly detected their frequency and consequences (Grimshaw, 2003). Chromosome number, shape, and size form the karyotype. In spite of the fact that every karyotype is varied for each organism, every cell in every organism has the same karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities can be separated into two categories: numeric and structural (Figure 1) (Todd, 2000). Changes in chromosome numbers result in the addition (trisomy or triploidy) or loss (monosomy or aneuploidy) of a chromosome. Between and within chromosomes structural changes could appear. Regions between chromosomes can be traded (translocation) or donated from one to the other (insertion). In the same chromosome, regions can be lost (deletion), duplicated (amplification), or reversed (inversion). It is a challenge for medical professionals to correctly identify these structural alterations and following that counsel the patients (Todd, 2000). Figure:1 Diagrammatic representation of chromosomes and their structural alteration: A) Chromosomes 3 and 8 stained with giemsa (G-banding) at a resolution of the 400 band level. Each chromosome has a short (p) and long (q) arm that is separated by a centromere at one end and a telomere at the other. Chromosomes are described as metacentric (chromosome 3) or acrocentric (chromosome 8), depending on the position of the centromere. Bands and sub-bands are numbered from the centromere outward. B) Structural aberrations involving 2 chromosomes. Illustrated is a fragment from chromosomes 3 (yellow) and 8 (blue) undergoing translocation [t (3;8)(p21-pter;p21-pter)] and insertion [ins (3;8)(q21. 2-21. 3;q13. 3-22)]. C) Structural alterations involving a single chromosome illustrated (using chromosome 3) include amplification [dup(3)(p21-pter)], inversion [inv(3)(p21-pter)], and deletion [del(3)(p21-pter)] (Todd, 2000). Figure 2: The human karyotype and aberrations. A) The normal human karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Autosomes are chromosome pairs 1-22. The sex chromosomes consist of a pairing of the X and Y chromosomes (XX _ female; XY _ male). B) Each chromosome is composed of two chromatids. At the end of each chromatid is the telomere. The centromere (â€Å"clear zone†) is found in a centric or paracentric position. C) Numeric aberrations of the human karyotype appear in many diseases and syndromes. Most commonly, the change is an addition (trisomy) of loss (aneuploidy) of a chromosome. Down’s syndrome is an important example. D) Structural alterations are another important chromosomal aberration. Many types of structural alterations exist in human disease and syndromes. The Philadelphia chromosome, found in chronic myelogenous leukemia, is an important example and a major prognostic factor (Todd, 2000). 4. Methods Used in Genetic Counselling Programme 4. 1 Amniocentesis: Amniocentesis is one of several diagnostic tests that are carried out for mothers undergoing Genetic counselling. It detects the chromosome disorders that can occur in the unborn child. In this process, a sample of the fluid from the amnion is removed and then tested for disorders like Down’s syndrome, anaemia etc. This test is carried out during the 15th week of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is used for different tests in the laboratory like karyotyping etc. However, amniocentesis increases the risk of miscarriage and therefore, this test is recommended only for women who have a high risk of chromosome abnormality. 4. 2 Conventional cytogenetics: For prenatal diagnosis the methods that are mainly used in genetic counselling are classified into two categories: Conventional Genetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Bui, 2002). 4. 2. 1 Karyotyping In 1969 there was an expansion of karyotyping techniques for banding chromosomes, which allowed the detection of more subtle structural chromosome abnormalities. A karyotype is the exact organization (matching and alignment) of the chromosome complement of a cell. In a karyotype, chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, from the largest to the smallest. Karyotype is the normal classification, which illustrates the normal or abnormal, constitutional or acquired chromosomal complement of an individual, tissue or cell line. To determine the numerical chromosomal abnormalities or structural rearrangements –mainly translocations- the conventional cytogenetic techniques should be used (Catalina, 2007). When full karyotype analysis is performed all the samples should be cultured enough so dividing cells are present. Then the cells are harvested, and the metaphase chromosomes are spread onto a microscope slide. The chromosomes are banded by enzyme digestion and then are analyzed by a cytogenetic expert. Advantages: Until now the gold standard for genetic tests is the conventional cytogenetic study, since it is the best one currently available for assessing the whole karyotype at one time. Moreover, it is inexpensive and detects abnormalities bigger than 3Mb in size (Catalina, 2007). Disadvantages: Only dividing cells can be assessed, there is a need for metaphase stage cells. No frozen tissue can be used. Moreover, it is a time-consuming method and due to the lack of automation in sample processing, the time needed to analyze and generate the final report is almost two weeks. Due to the difficulties of analyzing and interpreting the data, an experienced cytogenetic specialist is required (Catalina, 2007). 4. 2. 2 Molecular Cytogenetics Even though, Karyotyping remains the gold standard of chromosome analysis and still is the most frequently used genetic method in prenatal diagnosis, development of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technologies (Bui, 2002) is the most significant step in cytogenetics during the past 20 years. Moreover, over the past 30 years modifications in cytogenetic techniques have provided an opportunity to increase sensitive detection of chromosome abnormalities. The invention of FISH techniques has provided the most prominent advances in the fields of research and diagnosis. A complete dissection of complex chromosome rearrangements can be achieved by the new multicolour karyotyping techniques and also provides the prospect of identifying new recurring chromosome rearrangements. Comparatively interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic hybridization both hindered the use of metaphase chromosomes altogether and have allowed the genetic analysis of previously problematic and unidentifiable targets. New advances in comparative genomic hybridization to DNA microarrays help in achieving high resolution and automated screening for chromosomal imbalances. Rather than replacing conventional cytogenetics, these new techniques have extended the range of cytogenetic analyses when they are applied in a complementary fashion (Kearney, 2001). 4. 2. 2. 1 FISH Background: The most common practice that has been carried out in molecular cytogenetics is known as FISH. In 1988 it was first introduced in USA based clinical cytogenetics, and speedy progress has subsequently been witnessed in this field. In 1991 the first test was made in the UK. This method acquires chromosome-based probes accompanied by fluorescent labels which are attached to them; now these probes can be found in commercial kit form. Microscope systems are required for detection, which are available as basic fluorescence microscopes to advanced image analysis systems known as microscope and camera devices of cooled charged-coupled type. This test involves more effort and resources than presently practising FISH, which is a harder labour test than the existing karyotyping technique (Grimshaw, 2003). Prenatal diagnosis and FISH Test: Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization studies have been conducted earlier on uncultured amniocytes with the acquisition of single chromosome-specific probes (for example for chromosome 21). However, these probes (centromeric repetitive or alphoid) showed vivid evidence of cross-hybridization between certain chromosomes (e. g. the two probes interacted for chromosomes 13 and 21). This finding paved the roads to the development of different types of probes (cosmid contig and YAC probes). It was successfully demonstrated that the usage of the cosmid prodes to identify Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) in 1994, in a study of 500 uncultured amniotic fluid samples. After a couple of years, the UK introduced the use of YAC probes so to ensure speedy first reports on samples (Lowther, 1996). Although, evidence emerged which predicted that a mixture of five FISH probes could be utilised as a combined multicolour FISH hybridization experiment, when testing the five chromosomes most commonly linked with chromosomal abnormalities (21, 18, 13, X, Y). Further into that these 5-probe FISH test kits were manufactured and made available commercially (Grimshaw, 2003). Figure 3. Diagram of FISH procedures (Carpenter, 2001). A number of techniques, such as multicolour FISH (MFISH) and SKY FISH, have been developed from the FISH-based karyotyping of chromosomes. Fluorescent dyes used spectral karyotyping methods that jot together particular chromosomes regions. By utilizing a chain of specific probes each with changing quantity of dyes, unique spectral characteristics were found in different pairs of chromosomes (Catalina, 2007). There is a wide range of FISH techniques for both diagnostic and research applications. Since commercial availability of probes is increasing most clinical laboratories now use FISH as an addition to cytogenetic diagnosis. Metaphase FISH with specific gene probes provides an accurate assessment of rearrangements with a defined diagnostic or prognostic value, and interphase FISH provides the possibility of analysis on samples that would otherwise fail. One of the most significant advances has been in the development of multicolour FISH technologies which has culminated in FISH-based karyotyping methods. Metaphase CGH provides a global screening approach allowing the analysis of samples previously intractable to cytogenetic analysis. More recently, the development of CGH to DNA previously intractable to cytogenetic analysis. More recently, the development of CGH to DNA (Kearney, 2001). Advantages: FISH is a very rapid method, the results are ready within 24-48 hours. Also it is a sensitive and cost-effective and identifies both numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities in interphase and metaphase nuclei, and permits rapid sex determination (Catalina, 2007). Limitations: However, FISH has some limitations such as cross-hybridization of non-specific fluorescence signals, non-specific background, and suboptimal signal strength. Though, small deletions, duplications and inversions cannot be identified by painting prodes (Catalina, 2007). 4. 2. 2. 2 Multicolour Whole-chromosome Painting (M-FISH AND SKY) The most prominent characteristic of FISH is its ability to simultaneously identify several targets by using variant colours (multicolour FISH). As early as 1989, as many as three targets could be visualized at the same time (Nederlof, 1989). By the early 1990s 7 ±12 different probes in different colours could be simultaneous detected (Dauwerse, 1992), (Ried, 1992). However, it was not until 1996 that developments in probe labelling and digital imaging systems allowed the visualization of the entire chromosome complement in 24 different colours (Schrock, 1996), (Speicher, 1996). The two techniques, M-FISH and SKY, both utilize DOP-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes and a ‘combinatorial’ labelling approach. The principle behind this for both M-FISH and SKY is the generation of more colours than there are fluorochromes available, by labelling with 1:1 mixtures of fluorochromes. The theoretical number of targets which can be discriminated in this way is 2n=1, where n represents the number of fluorochromes available. Using only five fluorochromes, this allows painting of the whole chromosome in twenty-four coloured complement (see Figure 5). Figure 5. M-FISH colour karyotype of a bone marrow metaphase from an AML patient. G-banding identified a balanced t(1;3)(p32;p13), and this was confirmed by M-FISH (arrows). However, M-FISH also identified a cryptic der(6)t(6;22) not visible by G-banding (arrow). Two copies of the der(6) are present in this cell (Kearney, 2001). The imaging system which is used to discriminate fluorochrome combinations is the only difference between SKY and M-FISH. M-FISH is acquiring different fluorochrome pictures for each of the five fluorochromes using specifically selected narrow band pass filter sets (Eils, 1998),(Speicher, 1996). SKY on the other hand uses a single exposure of the image and a grouping of cooled charge coupled device (CCD) imaging and Fourier transform spectrometry to analyze spectrum of the fluorochrome combinations (Schrock, 1996). Both of these methods use dedicated software to transfer the unique labelling combination for each chromosome into a pseudocolour. It is important to mention that both of them have already demonstrated hidden chromosome rearrangements in complex karyotypes such as in tumour cell lines and in haematological malignancies (Speicher, 1996), (Veldman, 1997). Disadvantages: As with other whole-chromosome painting methods, both M-FISH and SKY are not capable to detect small intrachromosomal rearrangements (inversions, deletions, duplications). Both techniques can not detect mosaic cells. In particular, the limit of resolution for telomeric rearrangements is 2 ±2. 5 Mb (Brown,2000), (Uhrig,1999). Additionally, to overcome these limitations complementary FISH approaches are required. In addition to this, latest reports state that although M-FISH and SKY have proved to be extremely useful in prenatal, postnatal, and cancer cytogenetics, these technologies have innate limitations that, in certain cases, could result in chromosomal misclassification. Most multicolour karyotyping errors have a similar mechanistic origin. Structural rearrangements, which compare non-homologous chromosome material, often come up in overlapping fluorescence at the interface of the translocated segments; called occasionally as â€Å"flaring† (Lu, 2000). This effect can obscure or alter the fluorescence pattern of adjacent chromatin, which could lead to misinterpretation (Lee, 2001). 4. 2. 2. 3 Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) CGH is a technique that presents an overview of the whole genome and allows the detection of DNA copy number changes. It is a powerful option instead of chromosome banding and FISH. This method can detect a genome screening of chromosomal differencies without previous information about genomic regions which could be a potential target. CGH is a substitute method which reveals unbalanced chromosomal changes that may happen in hESCs lines during lengthy-span cultures, especially in cases where it seems difficult to obtain high quality metaphases (Catalina, 2007). Advantages and Limitations of CGH: The obvious edge of the CGH technique is that it requires only the genomic DNA; moreover, CGH does not require prior knowledge of the genomic region of interest. CGH can also identify copy number changes, increases and losses of regions of chromosome. Though, CGH is able to identify a number of quantitative genetic alterations including duplication or deletion of single chromosome bands. The CGH analysis also indicates the presence of genetic abnormalities that are not detected by other cytogenetic or molecular approaches. The turgidity of this technique in detecting low copy number gains or losses is in between 10-20Mb, therefore the detection limit of amplification is 2Mb. However, CGH has several limitations such as inability to detect chromosomal balanced translocation, inversions, and intragenic rearrangements (Catalina, 2007). Figure 7: Comparison of cytogenetic techniques for identifying chromosomal abnormalities (Speicher, 2005) Although the advances of the techniques utilized in genetic counselling are major, all of them come with their own share of advantages and disadvantages. The same is summarized in Table 2. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) QF-PCR combines the benefits of relative and competitive RT-PCR. It is accurate, specific, high throughput and relatively easy to execute. Real time PCR automates the lengthy relative RT-PCR process by quantitating reaction products for each sample in every cycle. RT-PCR systems detect and quantify the fluorescent reporter. The signal of this reporter increases in direct proportion to the amount of PCR product in the reaction. The reporter is a double-strand DNA which is bound to a specific dye (SYBR Green) and upon excitation emits light. If the dye is included in PCR reaction as PCR product accumulates the fluorescence increase. An alternative technique for quantifying PCR products is TaqMan, which depends on fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) of hybridization probes for quantitation. The probe hybridizes to an internal region of a PCR product. After irradiation the excited reporter dye transfers energy to the nearby quenching dye, which results in a non-fluorescent substrate. The advantages of this method are that it is inexpensive, simple to use, and sensitive The future of prenatal diagnosis: Full karyotype or molecular cytogenetics tests? The introduction of rapid molecular testing of all prenatal samples has brought up the question of the need for full karyotype analysis of all samples. When ultrasonography shows chromosomal abnormality, and there is no aneuploidy can be identified by frequent testing, full karyotyping is definitely required. However, when women have been identified by serum screening and/or maternal age as being at increased risk of Down’s syndrome they undergo persistent testing. â€Å"Double testing† of these women in a public-funded health service could be considered as unjustifiable and there are also down points for the parents. The time between the results of the rapid test and the full karyotyping could cause needless anxiety. Additionally most parents do not realize the significance of the full karyotyping; because they only worry about Down’s syndrome and not for the possibility of other abnormalities. Full karyotype analysis could identify abnormalities of unidentified importance, likewise the presence of very small â€Å"marker† chromosomes, clearly balanced chromosome rearrangements, or regions of variability, which could be hereditary. These outcomes could frequently create counselling difficulties, and cause problems for the parents in how to deduce and choose between anxiety and pregnancy termination during an ongoing pregnancy. When a chromosome rearrangement is found in one of the parents, full karyotyping is needed to test for abnormalities arising as a result of the rearrangement. However, recent advances in the policy of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for rearrangement carriers (Scrivn, 1998) have permited rapid prenatal testing for chromosome imbalance using sub telomere probes (Pettenati, 2002). The UK National Screening Committee (UKNSC) suggested in 2004 that there is no need for karyotyping when screening for Down’s syndrome and instead prenatal diagnosis with FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridisation) or PCR as rapid diagnostic tests as should be offered. Furthermore, UKNSC also suggested that the two previous tests should only be included for trisomies 13, 18, and 21. Before introducing the radical step of rapid testing alone for pregnancies at risk of Down’s syndrome, it is important to set up the significance and predicted effect of such a change in policy. Full karyotype results of prenatal samples from these referral categories can be audited to determine how many clinically significant chromosome abnormalities are likely to be undetected if rapid testing alone had been carried out. Recent studies which are investigativing karyotype abnormalities in prenatal samples referred for raised maternal age (RMA) or increased Down’s syndrome risk identified by serum screening will be reviewed in the following paragraph: In 1,130 prenatal samples, which were all referred for RMA or elevated risk of Down’s syndrome, an important clinical abnormality in chromosome 8 was identified (deletion of the short arm), which would not be identified by rapid testing (Thein et al). This is responsible for 0. 08% of the sample group. Thilaganathan et al. reported 3,203 amniotic fluid samples, were referred for a number of reasons. Rapid testing here did not detect all clinically significant abnormalities, which were detected with ultrasound. On another study, Ryall et al.reported 2,737 prenatal samples from pregnancies referred as serum screen +ve and an abnormality in chromosome 2 and 6 were detected. In the largest cohort study with 20,923 referrals around 30 important abnormalities were identified which includes four small marker chromosomes (Lewin et al. ). Among them, three pregnancies had trisomy 8, three trisomy 9, and three trisomy 16; and were all non-mosaic and therefore non-viable. Additionally thirteen cases of structurally abnormal chromosomes were identified, and complex abnormalities were found in four pregnancies. Rapid testing would detected as far as 99. 2% of clinical significant abnormalities, when pregnencies are reffered to RMA or serum +ve. In these studies, 196 balanced rearrangements or other good prognosis anomalies were found, which would have required parental karyotyping. This would lead to anxiety and in some cases termination of pregnancy. 5. Summary The future seems very exciting since the new developments in genetic information will present great challenges for genetic counselling. Medical doctors are currently facing problems in understanding and retaining genetic information outside their own scientific area. In some cases it is still not clear when test should be offered, since if a family is affected legal action could be used to question why an available test was not offered. Eventually, more diagnostic techniques would help to identify and treat more effectively, but not without false positives. Though, queries about which disorders to diagnose and when, (e. g. premarital, pre-conceptional, foetal, childhood, adulthood) will continue. It is important to mention that molecular cytogenetic increase the progress of prenatal diagnosis used in genetic counselling programmes to reveal chromosomal abnormality. The molecular cytogenetic techniques provide speed, accurate, ease and reliable diagnosis although there are some limitations associated with these techniques. However, if combination of the conventional techniques and molecular ones wil

Selected Poem Verses From William Butler Yeats

Selected Poem Verses From William Butler Yeats Here are the poem lyrics of some of the best William Butler Yeats poetry. To make your browsing more effective, we have included a bit of each poem after the title. A Poet to His BelovedWilliam Butler YeatsI bring you with reverent handsThe books of my numberless dreams,White woman that passion has wornAs the tide wears the dove-grey sands, A Prayer for My DaughterWilliam Butler YeatsOnce more the storm is howling, and half hidUnder this cradle-hood and coverlidMy child sleeps on. There is no obstacleBut Gregorys wood and one bare hill A Prayer for My SonWilliam Butler YeatsBid a strong ghost stand at the headThat my Michael may sleep sound,Nor cry, nor turn in the bedTill his morning meal come round; A Prayer on Going Into My HouseWilliam Butler YeatsGod grant a blessing on this tower and cottageAnd on my heirs, if all remain unspoiled,No table or chair or stool not simple enoughFor shepherd lads in Galilee; and grant Adams CurseWilliam Butler YeatsGod grant a blessing on this tower and cottageAnd on my heirs, if all remain unspoiled,No table or chair or stool not simple enoughFor shepherd lads in Galilee; and grant Aedh Wishes for the Clothes of HeavenWilliam Butler YeatsHad I the heavens embroidered cloths,Enwrought with golden and silver light,The blue and the dim and the dark clothsOf night and light and the half light, Among School ChildrenWilliam Butler YeatsI walk through the long schoolroom questioning;A kind old nun in a white hood replies;The children learn to cipher and to sing,To study reading-books and histories, An Irish Airman Forsees His DeathWilliam Butler YeatsI know that I shall meet my fateSomewhere among the clouds above;Those that I fight I do not hate,Those that I guard I do not love; Are You Content?William Butler YeatsI call on those that call me son,Grandson, or great-grandson,On uncles, aunts, great-uncles or great-aunts,To judge what I have done. Before the World Was MadeWilliam Butler YeatsIf I make the lashes darkAnd the eyes more brightAnd the lips more scarlet,Or ask if all be right Beggar to Beggar CriedWilliam Butler YeatsTime to put off the world and go somewhereAnd find my health again in the sea air,Beggar to beggar cried, being frenzy-struck,And make my soul before my pate is bare.- ByzantiumWilliam Butler YeatsThe unpurged images of day recede;The Emperors drunken soldiery are abed;Night resonance recedes, night walkers songAfter great cathedral gong; Crazy Jane on GodWilliam Butler YeatsThat lover of a nightCame when he would,Went in the dawning lightWhether I would or no; DeathWilliam Butler YeatsNor dread nor hope attendA dying animal;A man awaits his endDreading and hoping all; Demon and BeastWilliam Butler YeatsFor certain minutes at the leastThat crafty demon and that loud beastThat plague me day and nightRan out of my sight;Easter, 1916William Butler YeatsI have met them at close of dayComing with vivid facesFrom counter or desk among greyEighteenth-century houses.EphemeraWilliam Butler YeatsYour eyes that once were never weary of mineAre bowed in sotrow under pendulous lids,Because our love is waning.And then She:Fallen MajestyWilliam Butler YeatsAlthough crowds gathered once if she but showed her face,And even old mens eyes grew dim, this hand alone,Like some last courtier at a gypsy camping-placeBabbling of fallen majesty, records whats gone.He Bids His Beloved Be at PeaceWilliam Butler YeatsI hear the Shadowy Horses, their long manes a-shake,Their hoofs heavy with tumult, their eyes glimmeringwhite; The North unfolds above them clinging, creepingnight, The East her hidden joy before the morning break,He Remembers Forgotten BeautyWilliam Butler YeatsW hen my arms wrap you round I pressMy heart upon the lovelinessThat has long faded from the world;The jewelled crowns that kings have hurledHe Thinks of Those Who Have Spoken Evil of His BelovedWilliam Butler YeatsHalf close your eyelids, loosen your hair,And dream about the great and their pride;They have spoken against you everywhere,But weigh this song with the great and their pride;Imitated From the JapaneseWilliam Butler YeatsA most astonishing thing Seventy years have I lived;(Hurrah for the flowers of Spring,For Spring is here again.)Lapis LazuliWilliam Butler YeatsI have heard that hysterical women sayThey are sick of the palette and fiddle-bow. Of poets that are always gay,For everybody knows or else should knowLeda and the SwanWilliam Butler YeatsA sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast.Long-Legged FlyWilliam Butler YeatsThat civilisation may not sink,Its great battle lost,Quiet the dog, tether the ponyTo a distant post;Mohini ChatterjeeWilliam Butler YeatsI asked if I should pray.But the Brahmin said,pray for nothing, sayEvery night in bed,Never Give All the HeartWilliam Butler YeatsNever give all the heart, for loveWill hardly seem worth thinking ofTo passionate women if it seemCertain, and they never dreamNo Second TroyWilliam Butler YeatsWhy should I blame her that she filled my daysWith misery, or that she would of lateHave taught to ignorant men most violent ways,Or hurled the little streets upon the great.ResponsibilitiesWilliam Butler YeatsPardon, old fathers, if you still rem ainSomewhere in ear-shot for the storys end,Old Dublin merchant free of the ten and fourOr trading out of Galway into Spain;Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler YeatsThat is no country for old men. The youngIn one anothers arms, birds in the treesThose dying generationsat their song,The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas, Solomon and the WitchWilliam Butler YeatsAnd thus declared that Arab lady:Last night, where under the wild moonOn grassy mattress I had laid me,Within my arms great Solomon, Solomon to ShebaWilliam Butler YeatsSang Solomon to Sheba,And kissed her dusky face,All day long from mid-dayWe have talked in the one place, Spilt MilkWilliam Butler YeatsWe that have done and thought,That have thought and done, The Fascination of Whats DifficultWilliam Butler YeatsThe fascination of whats difficultHas dried the sap out of my veins, and rentSpontaneous joy and natural contentOut of my heart. Theres something ails our colt The Folly of Being ComfortedWilliam Butler YeatsOne that is ever kind said yesterday:Your well-beloveds hair has threads of grey,And little shadows come about her eyes;Time can but make it easier to be wise The GyresWilliam Butler YeatsThe gyres! the gyres! Old Rocky Face, look forth;Things thought too long can be no longer thought,For beauty dies of beauty, worth of worth,And ancient lineaments are blotted out. The Heart of the WomanWilliam Butler YeatsO what to me the little roomThat was brimmed up with prayer and rest;He bade me out into the gloom,And my breast lies upon his breast. The Indian to His LoveWilliam Butler YeatsThe island dreams under the dawnAnd great boughs drop tranquillity;The peahens dance on a smooth lawn,A parrot sways upon a tree, The Indian Upon GodWilliam Butler YeatsI passed along the waters edge below the humid trees,My spirit rocked in evening light, the rushes round my knees,My spirit rocked in sleep and sighs; and saw the moor-fowl paceAll dripping on a grassy slope, and saw them cease to chase The Lake Isle of InnisfreeWilliam Butler YeatsI will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee,And live alone in the bee-loud glade. The Lover Asks Forgiveness Because of His Many MoodsWilliam Butler YeatsIf this importunate heart trouble your peaceWith words lighter than air,Or hopes that in mere hoping flicker and cease;Crumple the rose in your hair; The Second ComingWilliam Butler YeatsTurning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The Stolen ChildWilliam Butler YeatsWhere dips the rocky highlandOf Sleuth Wood in the lake,There lies a leafy islandWhere flapping herons wake The Two TreesWilliam Butler YeatsBeloved, gaze in thine own heart,The holy tree is growing there;From joy the holy branches start,And all the trembling flowers they bear. The Wild Swans at CooleWilliam Butler YeatsThe trees are in their autumn beauty,The woodland paths are dry,Under the October twilight the waterMirrors a still sky; To a Poet, Who Would Have Me Praise Certain Bad Poets, Imitators of His and MineWilliam Butler YeatsYou say, as I have often given tongueIn praise of what anothers said or sung, When You Are OldWilliam Butler YeatsWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;

Credit Crunch Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Credit Crunch Uk - Essay Example The US seemed to have the biggest problems, if only by the sheer magnitude of their economy and its impact on other nations around the world. Still, Great Britain felt the shock and their economy suffers many of the same ills as the system has stagnated with the same symptoms. Though the political leaders portrayed the problem as an emergency that suddenly erupted, it was actually the culmination of years of under-regulation, neglect, abuse, and corruption. The credit crisis in the United Kingdom has come about as a result of over-extended consumer credit and a banking system that has exploited the concept of free market economics. To understand the vulnerabilities in the global banking system it is helpful to understand some of the history that got it where it is today. Six hundred years ago the population of England was largely agrarian and lived as subsistence farmers. Wages earned came almost exclusively from farm labor and were very sensitive to the law of supply and demand. When times were good, the population rose and the labor supply increased. This drove down farm wages and the resulting poverty would decimate the population. As the labor supply fell, wages increased again and the cycle repeated. In fact, the real wages earned in 1740 were the same as the wages earned in 1400 (Khan 10). However, the Industrial Revolution created a larger demand for labor and created concentrated centers of capital. Technological advancements contributed to the growing economy and real wages have risen by approximately 2200 percent in the 200 years since the turn of the 19th century (Khan 10). The escalating wage scale and the concentrated capital resulted in an economy that was ever more dependent upon credit and increasingly demanding consumer goods. According to Khan, "in the 19th century, a steady rise in living standards began that has, in some sense, never ceased. As a result,

Is it reasonable to conclude that aggression is an inevitable and Essay

Is it reasonable to conclude that aggression is an inevitable and inescapable part of our lives Discuss with reference to psychological theory and research - Essay Example (cited in Angell and Banks, 1984, p. 115) This argument follows the line of thinking that men, left to their natural state, will be at each other’s throats, and life will be nasty, brutish and short. For Hobbes, this constant conflict stemmed from the nature of man which is characterized by selfishness, greed and a perpetual concern with satisfying his own desires. Religion reinforces this thought as it emphasizes that the aggressive nature of man is a consequence of his falling from divine grace in the Garden of Eden. It was St. Augustine who explored this aspect immensely, taking particular note on man’s capacity for mayhem and slaughter. On psychological perspective, there are numerous theories that seek to explain the incidence – the origins and triggers – of human aggression. Foremost of these are the instinct theories, which treat aggression as one of the human instincts or that innate tendency to behave in a certain way. Freud, for one, argued that we are born with two opposing instincts: the life instinct and the death instinct; and that the latter leads us to be aggressive. (Cashman, 1999, p. 15) For Freud, aggressiveness is linked to how life instinct counters death instinct and that the drive created by the conflict of these instincts is channeled away from the self and toward others. Overt aggression is hence an outcome of internal aggressive drives and that a person drives satisfaction by releasing or venting it to other people. (Zillmann, 1979, p. 116) Freudian analogy places the release of aggression drives as a human need though not necessarily overt aggression or aggression towards other people. Another psychological school which believes that aggression is part of human nature is ethology or the study of the animal behavior. In the ethological perspective, humans evolved with a fighting instinct and that it occurred through

The Clubfooted Grocer Essay Example for Free

The Clubfooted Grocer Essay In class we were looking at a short story written by Arthur Conan Doyle the man who wrote the famous Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Conan Doyle was a Scottish writer born in 1859, died in 1930 aged 71. Arthur Conan Doyle was trained as a doctor but never succeeded in this profession. He found more money would come from writing. Aged thirty- two he forgot about being a doctor and became a writer. He wrote all sorts of books Historical, romance, and adventure, but the Sherlock Holmes stories are what made him famous. In this essay I am going to examine the narrative and linguistic techniques Arthur Conan Doyle uses in The Clubfooted Grocer and the effect they have on the reader. The techniques I will focus on are characterisation, location and imagery, and the plot tension in the story.  The Clubfooted Grocer is based on the narrator and his Uncle, who has not excited to him and his mother for many years. Suddenly, out of no where, he sends a litter to ask for his nephew to go visit him up north. He gets on the train and meets his uncles messenger at a different station to where his uncle lives. He doesnt know why he has to meet there and why hes gone up north. He arrives at the house and it is surrounded by sailors but also doesnt know why. The sailors attack the house and break in. Arthur Conan Doyle uses techniques to make the story interesting and give it a little thrill.  Plot tension is when the author doesnt let you know whats going to happen so it makes you read the story further. The author can do this in many ways, maybe by only giving you a little information on someone and only the bad points on them. In The Clubfooted Grocer the author has used a lot of plot tension. The first time he used plot tension is in the opening paragraph. The paragraph opens introducing us to a Mr Steven Maple who is described as an unsociable, unrespectable man. It gives us a little information on his business life, which sounds like it didnt get very far and some of his business was a legal. It also mentions that he got beat up but doesnt give a reason why, which makes you wont to know. This is good plot tension. It also mentions that he disappeared in a lonely part of the north of England, but why, it leads to maybe a thrill in the story, makes you want to read on. The second time plot tension appears is in the second paragraph, again on the opening page. The paragraph opens with the narrators Mother reading him a letter from his Uncle, which is Mr Maple. The letter includes that Mr Maple wants his Nephew to go up north to meet him. Again why? This is what the letter doesnt include. It maybe for a visit or for the boy to help his uncle to get out of all his trouble. By Arthur Conan Doyle not giving any reason for the boys visit makes the story a little tense so would Inca ridge the reader to find out the reason why his nephew needs to go to meet his uncle, which makes you have to read on in the story to find this out. This is excellent plot tension. The third time plot tension appears is in the third paragraph. The paragraph opens with on no account let John get out at Congleton. This starts the paragraph with plot tension straight away because it sounds scary like if John gets out at that station something terrible is going to happen to him.  As you can see there is continuous plot tension in the story.  Arthur Conan Doyle has also used the technique of characterisation to make the reader think on what the characters in this story may look like. Characterisation is when in the story a new important character is introduced he/she is described in much detail to gain your attention. There is two times that Conan Doyle uses this in the story. The first time characterisation appears in The Clubfooted Grocer is on the sixth page of this story. It is used to describe Mr Steven Maple himself. Conan Doyle uses these words thick, small, rounded, ginger, white, heavy, and bald to give you a picture in your mind of what Uncle Steven would look like. With these words you can imagine Mr Maple as a short over weight bald round-headed man. The second time characterisation appears in this story is on the tenth page of this story and finishing on the eleventh. It is used here to describe Captain Elias. Conan Doyle uses the same technique to introduce new characters that are important in the story. He does this by using short nouns to describe the character. So in this case he uses these words to describe Captain Elias Freckled, great black cloak, different, crafty, cruel, dangerous, sly, and gloated. These words you can imagine what Captain Elias looks like and also the way he may act and talk. The very short words like crafty, cruel, and sly describe maybe what Captain Elias is like to his peers. Mr Steven Maple is in trouble with Captain Elias so these words can express what might actually happen to Steven Maple or the actions taken by Captain Elias. The third technique that Conan Doyle uses is location and imagery. Conan Doyle uses this for the readers to imagine where the story is set. On page twenty, the fifth paragraph Conan Doyle has used the narrator to explain the scenery of the place where hes going, in this case north England. This paragraph describes the narrators journey to where he is visiting his Uncle Steven Maple. He explains he doesnt know where the train he is travelling on is leading him. He only knows the stop to get off. For two hours I passed through desolate rolling plains, rising into places into low, stoned littered hills this is taken from the fifth paragraph on page twenty explaining where the story is set. Conan Doyle uses this technique very well on the fifth page of the story on the eleventh line. He uses this for a whole paragraph. It was quite dark outside, with heavy black clouds drifting slowly across the sky this is taken from that paragraph and explains the scenery that the young boy is surrounded by. This is good use of location. This paragraph goes on explaining the actions taken by the young boys guide. At first my guide walked swiftly and carelessly but eventually his pace slowed down this sentence finishes explaining how the guide slows down for the rest of their journey. Conan Doyle has used location very well in this; it gives you a good idea of where the story is set at all times. The Clubfooted Grocer was not interesting for me, the story seemed very pointless in my point of view. I can understand why maybe this story was chose for the students to study as it was wrote by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle but I found this story not one I would want to look at again. I understand the techniques used in this story and these were used very well. I think Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has structured this story well but not a good story line.

Abortion is Immature :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion is Immature What would it be like to die so young and so fragile? What would it be like to kill something so young and so fragile? Abortion, in my definition, is the taking of a life. Now it is hard for me to sit here and type this paper when I know good and well that if my daughter or wife were ever raped I would want whatever was inside of them out -- immediately. I think that to take the life of an unborn just because the couple involved were too lazy to use contraceptives, is immature and quite horrid. In this informative paper, you as a reader will come to understand the facts on abortion and then understand where I stand. Let us begin. According to US Abortion data provided in 1995 by Planned Parenthood, there were 1.8 million first trimester abortions, 180 thousand second trimester abortions, and about four thousand required Hysterotomies. Now according to these figures we, as the United States, killed/aborted 1,984,000 fetus'. Sure we could keep down the increase in our population at this rate, but where would we be emotionally? Speaking from a "my" point of view, I wouldn't get to far. I enjoy children profusely and thinking that there are 1.9 million children less in the world every year sends shivers down my spine. But I guess you may say that it is not my place to speak. There are fewer deaths per million abortions than per million births according to the Planned Parenthood survey of 1995. There are nine deaths per million abortion procedures and sixty-three deaths per million births. Both complications and the death rate rise with the age of the fetus. I can understand that these facts portray a much better picture for abortion than carrying to term, but what about the pain that the fetus will feel? According to pro-choice physicians they believe that a certain connection, synaptic, necessary to perceive pain, for the fetus, is not formed until the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. Others who are pro-life believe that the fetus can feel pain as early as the seventh week. But even though these facts by Planned Parenthood show a better side to abortion as well, nothing can compare to the guilt of the "

Merits and Demerits of Western Culture on India Essay

How there is head and tail for a coin, there is both positive and negative impact of western culture on India and especially on Indian youth, In past in India men were our traditional dresses, but now it is entirely changed, now the Indian youth moving with jeans, t-shirts, minis, micros, etc., here we can proud of that western culture, it bringing us with the fast moving world. But when we consider the pubs, it is the thing to be strictly punished. In pubs both men and women are in drastic stage, by taking drugs, it should be punished. And we need to felt sorry for that. And there r many things to be taken from the western culture. Effect Of Western Culture On Indian Youth Well World is changing, because of lot of developments in various sectors like IT, MANUFACTURING, Revolution of E COMMERCE and many more †¦ have brought the ties between various nations/ people and their cultures to get mixed with each other. WELL I WOULD TAKE A BIASED OPINION IN THIS. Lets take example of USA. Well Indians are crazy of adopting Western Culture LIKE DRESS CODE, MUSIC, HABITS, IMPORTING FOREIGN GOODS. What not we feel so attracted to all those. But by adopting we dint loose our traditions and culture; we tend to blend both of them. It all depends on person likes and dislikes, how he /she will behave according to situations. As our friend PAVANI has mentioned like PUBS are to be strictly banned. Well that cant is possible realistically. If an individual decides what is good/bad for them every person can be in control †¦rite I finally stress points like No matter people adopt what ever the culture †¦ They shud be in the limits and act rationally according to the situations. We jus cant stop/Ban things by considering it to be western /eastern. We need to analyze what benefits we get and try to choose.options. Since what all we want is PROGRESS/DEVELOPMENT ultimately to our nation. So IT’S EVERY PERSONS RESPONSIBILY TO CONTRIBUTE HIS/HER PART TO IT. I guess always the other side of the grass is green. We sitting here always crave and imitate western people and their culture. While they are now going craze over yoga, Ayurveda and lot of other ancient traditions. What a shame we don’t have patents for yoga. Coming back to your question, yes we are in the midst of such a western craze that we have almost forgotten what our roots are. We are running a’moke over this western culture, that over the next couple of generations, we would have become truly westernised.